---
title: Google Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL
---

> [Cloud SQL](https://cloud.google.com/sql) is a fully managed relational database service that offers high performance, seamless integration, and impressive scalability. It offers PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server database engines. Extend your database application to build AI-powered experiences leveraging Cloud SQL's LangChain integrations.

This notebook goes over how to use `Cloud SQL for PostgreSQL` to store vector embeddings with the `PostgresVectorStore` class.

Learn more about the package on [GitHub](https://github.com/googleapis/langchain-google-cloud-sql-pg-python/).

[![Open In Colab](https://colab.research.google.com/assets/colab-badge.svg)](https://colab.research.google.com/github/googleapis/langchain-google-cloud-sql-pg-python/blob/main/docs/vector_store.ipynb)

## Before you begin

To run this notebook, you will need to do the following:

* [Create a Google Cloud Project](https://developers.google.com/workspace/guides/create-project)
* [Enable the Cloud SQL Admin API.](https://console.cloud.google.com/flows/enableapi?apiid=sqladmin.googleapis.com)
* [Create a Cloud SQL instance.](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-instance-auth-proxy#create-instance)
* [Create a Cloud SQL database.](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/create-manage-databases)
* [Add a User to the database.](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/create-manage-users)

### 🦜🔗 Library Installation

Install the integration library, `langchain-google-cloud-sql-pg`, and the library for the embedding service, `langchain-google-vertexai`.

```python
%pip install -qU  langchain-google-cloud-sql-pg langchain-google-vertexai
```

**Colab only:** Uncomment the following cell to restart the kernel or use the button to restart the kernel. For Vertex AI Workbench you can restart the terminal using the button on top.

```python
# # Automatically restart kernel after installs so that your environment can access the new packages
# import IPython

# app = IPython.Application.instance()
# app.kernel.do_shutdown(True)
```

### 🔐 Authentication

Authenticate to Google Cloud as the IAM user logged into this notebook in order to access your Google Cloud Project.

* If you are using Colab to run this notebook, use the cell below and continue.
* If you are using Vertex AI Workbench, check out the setup instructions [here](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/generative-ai/tree/main/setup-env).

```python
from google.colab import auth

auth.authenticate_user()
```

### ☁ Set Your Google Cloud Project

Set your Google Cloud project so that you can leverage Google Cloud resources within this notebook.

If you don't know your project ID, try the following:

* Run `gcloud config list`.
* Run `gcloud projects list`.
* See the support page: [Locate the project ID](https://support.google.com/googleapi/answer/7014113).

```python
# @markdown Please fill in the value below with your Google Cloud project ID and then run the cell.

PROJECT_ID = "my-project-id"  # @param {type:"string"}

# Set the project id
!gcloud config set project {PROJECT_ID}
```

## Basic Usage

### Set Cloud SQL database values

Find your database values, in the [Cloud SQL Instances page](https://console.cloud.google.com/sql?_ga=2.223735448.2062268965.1707700487-2088871159.1707257687).

```python
# @title Set Your Values Here { display-mode: "form" }
REGION = "us-central1"  # @param {type: "string"}
INSTANCE = "my-pg-instance"  # @param {type: "string"}
DATABASE = "my-database"  # @param {type: "string"}
TABLE_NAME = "vector_store"  # @param {type: "string"}
```

### PostgresEngine Connection Pool

One of the requirements and arguments to establish Cloud SQL as a vector store is a `PostgresEngine` object. The `PostgresEngine`  configures a connection pool to your Cloud SQL database, enabling successful connections from your application and following industry best practices.

To create a `PostgresEngine` using `PostgresEngine.from_instance()` you need to provide only 4 things:

1. `project_id` : Project ID of the Google Cloud Project where the Cloud SQL instance is located.
1. `region` : Region where the Cloud SQL instance is located.
1. `instance` : The name of the Cloud SQL instance.
1. `database` : The name of the database to connect to on the Cloud SQL instance.

By default, [IAM database authentication](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/iam-authentication#iam-db-auth) will be used as the method of database authentication. This library uses the IAM principal belonging to the [Application Default Credentials (ADC)](https://cloud.google.com/docs/authentication/application-default-credentials) sourced from the envionment.

For more informatin on IAM database authentication please see:

* [Configure an instance for IAM database authentication](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/create-edit-iam-instances)
* [Manage users with IAM database authentication](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/add-manage-iam-users)

Optionally, [built-in database authentication](https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/built-in-authentication) using a username and password to access the Cloud SQL database can also be used. Just provide the optional `user` and `password` arguments to `PostgresEngine.from_instance()`:

* `user` : Database user to use for built-in database authentication and login
* `password` : Database password to use for built-in database authentication and login.

"**Note**: This tutorial demonstrates the async interface. All async methods have corresponding sync methods."

```python
from langchain_google_cloud_sql_pg import PostgresEngine

engine = await PostgresEngine.afrom_instance(
    project_id=PROJECT_ID, region=REGION, instance=INSTANCE, database=DATABASE
)
```

### Initialize a table

The `PostgresVectorStore` class requires a database table. The `PostgresEngine` engine has a helper method `init_vectorstore_table()` that can be used to create a table with the proper schema for you.

```python
from langchain_google_cloud_sql_pg import PostgresEngine

await engine.ainit_vectorstore_table(
    table_name=TABLE_NAME,
    vector_size=768,  # Vector size for VertexAI model(textembedding-gecko@latest)
)
```

### Create an embedding class instance

You can use any [LangChain embeddings model](/oss/integrations/text_embedding/).
You may need to enable Vertex AI API to use `VertexAIEmbeddings`. We recommend setting the embedding model's version for production, learn more about the [Text embeddings models](https://cloud.google.com/vertex-ai/docs/generative-ai/model-reference/text-embeddings).

```python
# enable Vertex AI API
!gcloud services enable aiplatform.googleapis.com
```

```python
from langchain_google_vertexai import VertexAIEmbeddings

embedding = VertexAIEmbeddings(
    model_name="textembedding-gecko@latest", project=PROJECT_ID
)
```

### Initialize a default PostgresVectorStore

```python
from langchain_google_cloud_sql_pg import PostgresVectorStore

store = await PostgresVectorStore.create(  # Use .create() to initialize an async vector store
    engine=engine,
    table_name=TABLE_NAME,
    embedding_service=embedding,
)
```

### Add texts

```python
import uuid

all_texts = ["Apples and oranges", "Cars and airplanes", "Pineapple", "Train", "Banana"]
metadatas = [{"len": len(t)} for t in all_texts]
ids = [str(uuid.uuid4()) for _ in all_texts]

await store.aadd_texts(all_texts, metadatas=metadatas, ids=ids)
```

### Delete texts

```python
await store.adelete([ids[1]])
```

### Search for documents

```python
query = "I'd like a fruit."
docs = await store.asimilarity_search(query)
print(docs)
```

### Search for documents by vector

```python
query_vector = embedding.embed_query(query)
docs = await store.asimilarity_search_by_vector(query_vector, k=2)
print(docs)
```

## Add a Index

Speed up vector search queries by applying a vector index. Learn more about [vector indexes](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/databases/faster-similarity-search-performance-with-pgvector-indexes).

```python
from langchain_google_cloud_sql_pg.indexes import IVFFlatIndex

index = IVFFlatIndex()
await store.aapply_vector_index(index)
```

### Re-index

```python
await store.areindex()  # Re-index using default index name
```

### Remove an index

```python
await store.aadrop_vector_index()  # Delete index using default name
```

## Create a custom Vector Store

A Vector Store can take advantage of relational data to filter similarity searches.

Create a table with custom metadata columns.

```python
from langchain_google_cloud_sql_pg import Column

# Set table name
TABLE_NAME = "vectorstore_custom"

await engine.ainit_vectorstore_table(
    table_name=TABLE_NAME,
    vector_size=768,  # VertexAI model: textembedding-gecko@latest
    metadata_columns=[Column("len", "INTEGER")],
)


# Initialize PostgresVectorStore
custom_store = await PostgresVectorStore.create(
    engine=engine,
    table_name=TABLE_NAME,
    embedding_service=embedding,
    metadata_columns=["len"],
    # Connect to a existing VectorStore by customizing the table schema:
    # id_column="uuid",
    # content_column="documents",
    # embedding_column="vectors",
)
```

### Search for documents with metadata filter

```python
import uuid

# Add texts to the Vector Store
all_texts = ["Apples and oranges", "Cars and airplanes", "Pineapple", "Train", "Banana"]
metadatas = [{"len": len(t)} for t in all_texts]
ids = [str(uuid.uuid4()) for _ in all_texts]
await store.aadd_texts(all_texts, metadatas=metadatas, ids=ids)

# Use filter on search
docs = await custom_store.asimilarity_search_by_vector(query_vector, filter="len >= 6")

print(docs)
```
